整形外科 英語論文執筆サポーター

解剖や障害部位に関する表現(レシピ①)

1. These lesions are most often found with (occur most commonly in) the anterior and superior of the glenoid.
2. These have been called "SLAP" lesion.
3. The glenoid is ovoid in shape, with the longer axis oriented in the superior/inferior direction.
4. The scapular plane was defined as the plane that makes a 30 degrees angle with the frontal plane.
5. The space below the coraco-acromial arch is defined by the acromion superiorly, the coraco-acromial ligament. supero-medially, and the coracoid process anteriorly.
6. This distance was least in medial rotation of the humerus and averaged 8.6 mm.
7. According to Golding, the acromio-humeral interval was found to vary between seven and thirteen millimeters in 150 normal subjects.
8. The glenoid fossa of the scapula does not always lie in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the scapula body.
9. The glenoid fossa is only one fourth the size of the articular surface of the humeral head.
10. The suprascapular nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve that carries pain fibers from the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints and provides motor supply to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.
11. All tears began at or near the posterior insertion of the meniscus onto the tibia and extended forwards to a variable degree.
12. Fracture fragment displacement ranged from 0 to 3mm (average, 1mm) and rotation ranged from 15 to 90°(average, 47°).

病態に関する表現(レシピ②)

13. This restriction of the motion of the shoulder promotes the formation of additional adhesions.
14. Perhaps these differences are due to muscle tonus in vivo.
15. Sometimes that level of tolerance is exceeded, and then an injury is sustained.
16. The percent of articular surface involvement ranged from 15 to 43% and averaged 26%.
17. A fall onto the lateral side of the shoulder, with a more horizontally directed force, may result in intra-articular damage without significant injury to the ligamentous structures.
18. Subacromial impingement of the humeral head on the scapula is recognized as an important cause of chronic pain in the shoulder.
19. The rotator cuff tears seemed to be due to progressive wear and impingement rather than to trauma.
20. Weak muscles rather than the shape of the acromion seems to be the basis for the impingement problem.
21. A massive tear of the rotator cuff exposes a large portion of the articular cartilage of the humeral head, impairs normal movement of the glenohumeral joint, and renders the humeral head unstable.
22. It was observed that the impingement occurred against the coracoacromial ligament, the anterior third of the acromion, and at times the acromioclavicular joint, but not against the posterior half of the acromion.
23. Rotator cuff tendinitis constitutes a major problem in people with arduous occupations.
24. The stump of the supraspinatus tendon was retracted medially while the remains of the infraspinatus tendon were retracted inferiorly by the teres minor.
25. Rotator cuff deficiency has been identified as a major obstacle to satisfactory durability and function.
26. The prevalence of these partial-thickness supraspinatus ruptures increases with age.
27. Because the arm was abducted, horizontally adducted, and internally rotated, superior translation of the humerus could have caused impingement of the greater tuberosity, rotator cuff muscles or biceps against the inferior surface of the acromion or coracoacromial ligament.
28. Partial ruptures of the supraspinatus were present in 37%. A gradual increase in the size of the tears was demonstrated in each subsequent decade of age, and tears were most often seen in the sixth and seventh decade.
29. When the humeral head is then pushed posteriorly, as in the relocation test, pain is relieved in patients with internal impingement as the impingement of the rotator cuff is lifted from the posterior superior glenoid. However, with primary subacromial impingement, the pain remains.
30. "Kissing lesion" is an articular-sided rotator cuff lesion that becomes contiguous with a posterior-superior glenoid labral lesion when the arm is brought into maximum external rotation and 90 degree of abduction.
31. This suggests that the apprehension relocation test may be associated with an undersurface cuff lesion and posterior superior labral tear, the "Kissing lesion".
32. The mechanism by which the glenohumeral joint is stabilized in the mid- range of motion have not been well-defined.
33. Instability of the head seems to be essential for the development of its collapse.
34. The resultant chronic dislocation leads to further damage.
35. Loss of ligaments integrity causes instability and joint degeneration.
36. The greater the frequency of dislocation, the greater the destruction of the rim.
37. Instability occurred most frequently during sports involving overhead motion.
38. There was a tendency to posterior humeral subluxation, and when this was present the glenoid was asymmetrically eroded, with more bone loss posteriorly.
39. The ALPSA lesion differs from the classic Bankart lesion in that the anterior periosteum remains intact.
40. These eccentricity applied compressive forces results in a tendency for rocking of the glenoid component on the osseous glenoid fossa and increases stress at the bone-cement interface.
41. The soft tissue around a "failed" and immobile shoulder prosthesis soon becomes scarred and frozen, making revision difficult.
42. Glenoid labral tears have been associated with overhead throwing activities, trauma, and shoulder instability.
43. A partially attached fragment or bucket-handle lesion from the torn labrum becomes intermittently interposed between the articular surface causing the shoulder to catch, slip, or lock, similar to a torn meniscus of the knee.
44. A labral fragment is caught between the articular surface, mechanical symptoms are similar to a torn meniscus.
45. In these positions the more mobile anterosuperior labral segment may be exposed to an excessive hoop stress on its inner rim, resulting in a transverse-type labral tear.
46. The common mechanism Snyder et al. found for a SLAP lesion was a fall on an abducted and flexed arm.
47. Intense participation in overhead activites appears likely to result in a predictable unilateral glenohumeral internal rotation deficit.
48. Any interruption of these integrated movements produces additional stress to the shoulder and its surrounding soft tissue structures with resulting decreased performance.
49. This movement of the flexor tendones generates a compression force between the tendons and trasverse carpal ligament.
50. The scapula's various roles are concerned with achieving these motions and positions to facilitate the efficient physiology and biomechanics to allow optimum shoulder function.
51. Elbow dislocation associated with both radial head and coronoid fractures is a complex injury that includes damage to both the bone and soft tissue which are essential for elbow instability.

Biomechanics に関する表現(レシピ③)

52. Normal use of the hand depends largely on a well-functioning elbow joint.
53. Human tissue has the inherent ability to heal following injury.
54. The internal capsule plays a major role in the range of certain motions.
55. The moment delivered by the external forces is only compensated for by the deltoid.
56. For every 3 degrees of glenohumeral movement into abduction, there are 2 degrees of scapula rotation.
57. The deltoid alone is not capable of supplying the power for external rotation necessary for overhead use, regardless of the fulcrum.
58. As a general rule, for each centimeter of length that is gained in the subscapularis, there will be a corresponding increase in external rotation of 20 degrees.
59. In certain positions of the humerus, the middle and superior glenohumeral ligaments become tense.
60. Horizontal abduction and adduction involve motion in joints other than the glenohumeral joint.
61. The acromioclavicular ligaments, which surround the joint capsule and are reinforced superiorly by the deltoid and trapezius fibers, provide the joint with horizontal stability.
62. Proper shoulder function results from a delicate balance between glenohumeral stability and shoulder joint motion. Maintenance of shoulder stability is a function of the static and dynamic stabilizers that act on the glenohumeral joint. All overhead activities require the use of both static and dynamic stabilization to meet the functional demands placed on the glenohumeral joint.
63. The kinesiology of the shoulder is complex with motion and stability both intimately dependent on rotator cuff and deltoid function.
64. The scapula's various roles are concerned with achieving these motions and positions to facilitate the efficient physiology and biomechanics to allow optimum shoulder function.
65. The glenohumeral joint has intrinsic laxity, restrained by a careful balance of static and dynamic stabilizers. Failure of either the dynamic or static stabilizers to function properly may lead to the progression of clinical glenohumeral instability and dysfunction.
66. With progressive abduction, the anterior and posterior portions of the GH ligament become the main static stabilizers resisting inferior translation.
67. The rotator cuff muscle group functions as the dynamic stabilizer by centralizing and compressing the humeral head in the glenolabral socket during active motion. Because of the orientation of its fibers, the deltoid has long been considered as a possible inferior stabilizer of the shoulder joint.
68. The superior coracohumeral ligament and interval are important contributors to posterior stability.
69. The rotator cuff compensate for these anatomic weakness by providing for both stability and power.
70. Baseball pitching is a high demand athletic skill requiring a complex neuromuscular interaction.
71. In the latter movements of the cocking phase, the humerus is brought forward from 30 degrees extension to a neutral position in the horizontal plane.
72. Pitching is a complex sequence of body movement that result in the rapid propulsion of projectile, the ball.
73. The monospherical total shoulder also incorporate a slight hood on the glenoid component, imparting somewhat greater stability to the articulation.
74. The shear force component must be included in predictions of prosthetic implant performance.
75. The bony architecture of the glenoid and scapula are not well suited for glenoid replacement and fixation.
76. The amount of force required to cause subluxation and dislocation of the prosthetic glenohumeral joint under known axial load was measured.